Accounting Theory and Development free essay sample

The methodology is often be â€Å"going from the general to the specific† as the research must develop a logical structure for accomplishing the objective then, which based on the definition and assumptions. The validity of any theory developed through this process is highly dependent upon the ability of the researcher to correctly identify and relate the various components of the accounting process in a logical manner. Induction is a method of reasoning by which a general law or principle is inferred from observed particular instances. Inductive approach emphasis making observations and drawing conclusions from it and is often be â€Å" going from specific to general, because the research generalizes about the universe on the basis of limited observations of specific situations. The inductivist is to draw theoretical and abstract conclusion from rationalizations of accounting practice. Applied to the accounting, the inductive approach begins with observations about the financial information of business enterprises and proceeds to construct generalizations and principles of accounting from those observations on the basis of recurring relationship. We will write a custom essay sample on Accounting Theory and Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Reading 1. 2 Accounting theory and development Accounting Theory Construction with Inductive and deductive approach Normative theory vs. Positive theory Normative theory attempts to justify what ought to be, rather than what is. The major criticism of normative theories is that they are based on value judgments. Positive (Descriptive) theories attempt to find relationships that actually exist. Deductive systems are normative and inductive systems attempt to be descriptive. The deductive method is basically a closed, non-empirical system. Theory verification Theory verification or validation is an integral part of theory construction. According to Popper, the testing of deductive theories could be carried out along four lines. There is the testing of the theory by way of empirical applications of conclusion, which can be derived from. This step is necessary to determine how the theory stands up to the demand of practice. If its predictions are acceptable, the theory is said to be verified otherwise, the theory is said to be falsified. Aspects of theories, their construction and verification Figure 2 Distinguishing features

How Women Succeed in Business

How Women Succeed in Business Free Online Research Papers Today there are more companies where men and women are working together, sharing ideas and power. It is not as newsworthy now as in the past when a woman is promoted to the head of a business over many men. To compare and contrast the ways women succeed in gaining power at work without discussing the relationships they have had and currently have with men is impossible. Most all women have stated how hard it is to get to where they are or want to be but they all use men’s habits and traits to state on how to overcome their own issues with progression. The most basic description given for how to generalize the basic issues women have with initially establishing themselves is the historical differences that they have with man. Sharon Patrick (President and COO of Martha Stewart Living) stated that there are differences between men and women in management style – not in skills but in style. She compared it to a Broadway show â€Å"Defending the Caveman† where men hunt and women gather as natural instincts. This is the basic instinct that most women feel that they need to overcome to be successful but many have found that this is not the route for all to follow. Many women feel and have proven that using their own natural instincts are working to overcome their past shortcomings. Many women who have chosen the routes of using the head on approach with men by using mans natural or instinctive traits of win, take no prisoners, intimidation and not taking any steps back approach have succeeded but have had to sacrifice much to do so. These women have become just as successful and many of the men they work or were competitive against but usually still do not get to the top but are content with the power that they have gained. Most of the women that have used this approach are the frontiers of the women in the corporate world and these practices are not used as frequently as in the past. Women today are trending to use their natural instincts to succeed in the corporate world. Most men use their forceful, bully and pressuring tactics to negotiate what they want or need but the women are using their natural abilities to collaborate, searching for common interest, and solving problems; which is normally seen by men as a sign of weakness but are producing high-quality results. Many women believe that we are living in the relationship era where it’s all about getting closer to the customers, striking up new ventures, and partnering with suppliers. It’s instinctual for women to work with these methods where using this methodology; warriors don’t make good CEO’s in companies based on relationships. The new CEO is a seeder, feeder and weeder and these are all women roles which would make a woman mighty in a man’s world. Some women today believe that in by working together they can better overcome many of the differences that they have to climb up the corporate ladder. They believe that by using their numbers of women that are currently in power positions in the corporate world that they can affect the future progression of current and future women to power positions. This forum is currently being used in many different areas of the world but it is often not supported by many of the women already in these power positions because they feel that they may actually hurt the chances of their and future women and cause a backlash of the efforts that they have already made to progress themselves. While women are definitely making progress in a so called man’s world; it is happening to slowly for many women. Women have found that one of their biggest challenges in progressing to power positions is not their skills or competency or even their natural traits; it is the power that men have with one another. Men naturally chose other men that are in their circle of trust or men they associate with daily as their successors or promotions are given to these men because they obviously know and trust them more than outsiders (which is often what women are known as in the corporate world as a whole). Taking chances is often thought by most women is the best way to rise where others won’t. Overcoming this issue is more than just a challenge for most women but the ultimate goal due to the sacrifices that most of them have given up from their natural traits; which is usually motherhood for most. References: 1. Anna Muoio (1998, Jan 31), Women and Men, Work and Power, Fast Company.Com attained on 17 Sept 2010 from fastcompany.com/magazine/13/womenofpr.html?page=0%2C0 Research Papers on How Women Succeed in BusinessThe Fifth HorsemanResearch Process Part OneInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenGenetic Engineering

Research proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Research proposal - Essay Example The students were from different class and racial backgrounds. Hughes found out that while each had their own perception of the definition of gender, there were also instances when certain aspects varied. For instance, the definition of gender as an entity in each society revealed roles that in this case the females were supposed to engage in. These roles differed from society to society. The implication is that the definition of gender is dynamic and cannot be wholesome. The understanding of feminism as a whole therefore must be approach from a cross-cultural context. While the study goes a long way in the definition of gender construction in a cultural approach, it does not sufficiently separate it from sex. It follows that in all the sampled societies, roles are divided on the basis on one’s sex. This does not make sense therefore because the question â€Å"what gender are you?† would be no different from â€Å"what sex are you?† The gap therefore lies in the question, is gender merely a cultural inscription? The separation of gender and sex would, as will be seen in the study to be conducted, ease the perception of how one defines straight and gay people. If gender is to have a cultural inscription, it means that gay people are as dictated by their sex, to remain in their â€Å"respective† genders. However, if sex is not an issue, then gays and lesbians would be viewed as being in the right â€Å"place† as dictated by their identity. These are some of the changing perceptions of gender. Hughes, Kate. â€Å"I’ve Been Pondering Whether You Can Be a Part-Feminist’: Young Australian Women’s Studies Students Discuss Gender†. Women’s Studies International Forum, 28 (1). 37 -49.,

Network Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Network Security - Essay Example Its ability to integrate seamlessly personal functionalities such as digital entertainment and business such as enterprise emails has made it a favorite in the corporate world, and no doubt a major target for hackers. Blackberry handheld devices run on the Blackberry operating system that supports the use of specialized input devices tailor-made specifically to capture the elite smartphone user (BlackBerry support 2009). Features such as the track pad and most recently, the touch screen give the blackberry devices a unique design and places it a par above its closest rivals in the market. The BlackBerry Network Architecture Network architecture is the layout that includes the hardware, software components, the means of data transfer, and the communication protocols governing data transfer. BlackBerry devices are not merely standalone devices; they are integrated into a complex network that seeks to deliver remotely various services to users. This is convenient especially in an enterp rise setting where corporate users need to handle multiple tasks. Basically, blackberry devices connect and with other external devices in four ways. A data cable enables personal computer connectivity via the blackberry enterprise software, this mainly for transfer of files and media. Bluetooth connectivity synchronizes the device with other external devices and can be used to create an ad hoc network for file and resource sharing. Finally, radio and wireless connectivity serve the primary function of voice and data synchronize communication. The BlackBerry wireless, and radio connectivity platform makes it possible for an organization to offer its employees with access to its email servers even when away from the office. Blackberry devices connect wirelessly to networks using various transport architectures, and all devices have a specific transport mode that it associates with. Ultimately blackberry security is best when linked up with the blackberry enterprise server, which is d esigned specifically cooperate and commercial use. This server allows the smartphone to run on a remote platform with all the essential functionalities stored separate from the device. In essence, the blackberry can successfully be used for corporate business functions, and for personal use without any compromise on data integrity. Wi-Fi transport architecture provides internet connection to mobile devices, of a link to private networks. Through least cost routing, a wireless connection can be configured to allow a device connect to the enterprise server platform. This is because connections via the Wi-Fi transport are considered less expensive compared to other transport architectures like cellular transport. The TCP cellular transport relies on a wireless service provider usually via radio connectivity. Normally configurations are provided by wireless service providers who configure the device based on their infrastructure. Another transport system associated with blackberry devic es is the blackberry internet service. In this model, connection is established through the blackberry infrastructure. This automatically qualifies for the least cost routing and can be successfully integrated with the Wi-Fi transport. The blackberry MDS transport essentially is a mix of cellular radio transport and Wi-Fi transport. This transport allows a device to directly link up with its associated BlackBerry enterprise server via Blackberry infrastructure. Connection in this instance can be made using Wi-Fi or mobile radio but, all

Entrepreneurship and Social Enterprise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Entrepreneurship and Social Enterprise - Essay Example This theory pertains relates to financial investment made in the company. Therefore, this theory seeks to ensure that the investments made in are growing constantly. The Frieze scenario also brings to focus investment theories. These theories elaborate the why people invest well aware of the possible consequences. The theories also elaborate the perception of individuals towards risks. The risk bearing theory introduces risk as a vital aspect of investment. In the above scenario, the three partners risked their finances by investing in such a firm. The partner could have lost the funds invested in the entity if it failed to succeed. The theory outlines risk taking as a vital factor, which triggers investment (Carrillo 2007. P. 100). This write up will evaluate major happenings in this entity. The major happenings include launch of the magazine, introduction of art fairs and the expansion strategies available to the entity at 2008. The analysis of the major happenings will evaluate th e factors, which triggered the entity’s success at each stage. This write will culminate with a detailed examination of the entity’s possible expansion strategies and the possible implications of their adopting any of the strategies. The three individuals had a clear strategy of what they wanted to undertake. A magazine targeted art lovers in England. The founders had identified a specific field, which their magazine would target. The magazine targeted the arts lovers. Clear identification of their segment enabled the company to focus on their customers’ needs. This also enabled the team identify their competition easily. Consequently, they had to provide the clientele in the art world with more value than their rivals. The managerial team had identified the name that their magazine was to assume. This helped the magazine to maintain its values. Therefore, the magazine

Experiments in Quantum Mechanics

Experiments in Quantum Mechanics The theory of quantum mechanics developed when the classical theories of mechanics and electromagnetism were unable to provide explanation to the characteristics of atomic structure and electromagnetic radiation  (Rae, 2008). The appearance of quantum mechanics resulted in the emergence of a principle that has the ability to describe the nuclei, proton and neutron (Rae, 2008). Quantum theory has two sides, the first is the mathematical side and the second is the conceptual side. The mathematical side has been successful in estimating the atomic and subatomic phenomena, while the conceptual side â€Å"has been a subject of endless discussions without agreed conclusions† (Thankappan, 1993). 1.0 Double Slit Experiment It is known that when particles are emitted through two slits two bands are formed, while when waves are passed through two slits interference pattern is formed on the back wall. When the crest of the first wave meets the trough of the second wave, the two waves cancel each other and destructive interference occurs which result in appearance of dark lines. On the other hand, when two crests or two troughs of the wave meet each other construction interference occurs and bright lines are formed. The elegant difference is blurred by quantum mechanics. When a stream of electrons passed through one slit, a single band is formed, but when electrons emitted through two slits an interference pattern is formed, but how could a piece of matters create an interference pattern like waves? Physicists thought that particles bounced each other and created the interference pattern. This time they decided to shoot the electrons one at a time, by this method it is impossible for electrons to interfere with each other. After a time the same interference pattern is formed. The conclusion was that the single electron leaves as a particle and becomes a wave of potential then it goes through both slits and interferes with itself to hit the wall like a particle (The particle is in two places at once), but mathematically it is even stranger that the electron goes through both slits, it goes through neither, it goes through just one slit or it goes through just the other. All of these possibilities are in superposition with each other (Khutoryansky, 2013). (Perimeter Institute, 2012) Figure 1.0 Double-slit apparatus showing the pattern of electron hits on the observing screen building up over time. This made the physicist completely puzzled and they decided to install a measuring device by one slit to see which slit the electrons actually pass through, but the quantum world is far more mysterious than they could have imagined. The electron decided to act differently because it felt that the observer watched it. When they observed the electron, the electron went back to behave like a little marble, it produced a pattern of two bands and not many interference pattern as it was expected. Physicists were Perplexed, they asked what is the matter? Is it Particles or waves? (Khutoryansky, 2013) After a while they have discovered that, when the electron was observed the wave function was collapsed. 1.1 The Explanation of double slit experiment A Physicist called Max Born, one of the founders of quantum mechanics came up with a new idea for what the wave equation described. Born said that the wave is not a smeared out of electron or anything else previously encountered in science. Instead, he declared that electrons are something about a probability wave (Probability distribution), that is Born argued that the size of the wave that any location predicts the likelihood of the electron being found there. Where the wave is big that is not where most of the electrons are, that is where the electrons are most likely to be, and that is very strange, so the electron on its own sees a jumble of possibilities (Khutoryansky, 2013). â€Å"You are not allowed to ask where is the electron right now, but you are allowed to ask if I look for the electron in this little particular of space, what is the likelihood I will find it there, and that bugs anyone!†(Peter Fisher, 2012). Finally, it is shown that the implication of this experiment is that matter can have both wave and particles properties. This is known as â€Å"Wave-Particle Duality† or â€Å"Dual Nature of Particles† This is proposed by Louis de Broglie in 1923 leading to the birth of modern day quantum mechanics. Exhibiting particles or waves characteristics depends if a detector is observing the matter or not. The second implication of the double slit experiment is that the outcomes of macroscopic events can be affected by observation. This is because macroscopic objects are composed of microscopic particles acting as either waves or particles (Lejuwaan, 2010). These facts lead to the emergence of De Broglie equation as shown in (1.1) and (1.2) (1.1) (1.2) Where is the wavelength, is Plancks constant, is the frequency, and E is the total energy of the particle (Phillips, 2003). The equations (1.1) and (1.2) are equivalently equal to (1.3) (1.4) Where is the modified Planck’s constant (), k is the angular wave number (and is the angular frequency ( (Phillips, 2003). The comparison between planets in a solar system and electrons in an atom was no longer reasonable. De Broglie’s hypothesis led to the development of quantum mechanics and subsequently the Schrà ¶dinger equation. It is important to know the equations (1.1) and (1.2) to understand the concept of the Schrà ¶dinger equation that will be discussed in the next section. 2. The Schrà ¶dinger wave equation Quantum mechanics is all about solving the Schrà ¶dinger equation. There are many Schrà ¶dinger equations, each physical scenario for which you want to apply. Quantum mechanics has its own Schrà ¶dinger equation, they are all slightly different and all require slightly different solution techniques. The reason why there are many different Schrà ¶dinger equations is that the situation over under which you want to solve the Schrà ¶dinger equation enters the Schrà ¶dinger equation as a potential function and we know that potential function influence the physics of quantum mechanics. The Schrà ¶dinger equation is a wave equation that describes the behavior of particles by taking account the fact that matter also has these wave-like properties. â€Å"The role of the Schrà ¶dinger equation in quantum mechanics is analogous to that of Newton’s Laws in classical mechanics. Both describe motion. Newton’s Second Law is a differential equation which describes how a classical particle moves, whereas the Schrà ¶dinger equation is a partial differential equation which describes how the wave function representing a quantum particle ebbs and flows. In addition, both were postulated and then tested by experiment† (Phillips, 2003). The Schrà ¶dinger wave equation helped in the emergence of quantum mechanics and Erwin Schrà ¶dinger was the reason of establishing an equation that considered as one of the fundamentals of quantum mechanics (Freiberger, 2012). There are two forms of the Schrodinger equation, the first form is time dependent Schrà ¶dinger equation and the second form is time independent Schrà ¶dinger equation (The Schrodinger Wave Equation, n.d.). 2.1 Time dependent Schrà ¶dinger wave equation: (1.5) Where is the imaginary unit, is the modified Planck’s constant (), indicates a partial derivative with respect to time t, is the wave function of the quantum system, and is the Hamiltonian operator (Wikipedia, 2014). (1.6) Where m is the mass of particle, V is the potential energy and is the Laplacian. The equation (1.5) is the general equation, while the equation (1.6) is the â€Å"single non-relativistic particle† of the time dependent Schrà ¶dinger equation. By solving time dependent Schrà ¶dinger equation, we can determine the probability of detection of particle in some region as a function of time (Phillips, 2003). 2.2 Time independent Schrà ¶dinger wave equation: Time independent Schrodinger equation is used more than time dependent Schrodinger equation, because the time is measured on a small scale. â€Å"The time-independent Schrà ¶dinger equation predicts that wave functions can form standing waves, called stationary states† (Wikipedia, 2014). The time independent Schrà ¶dinger equation has another important use that is making the time dependent Schrà ¶dinger equation to be solved easily once the stationary states are predicated by the time independent Schrà ¶dinger equation (Phillips, 2003). Eψ (1.7) (1.8) The equation (1.7) is the general equation, while the equation (1.8) is the â€Å"single non-relativistic particle† of time independent Schrà ¶dinger equation. 3. The Role of Quantum Mechanics in Structure-Based Drug Design Most drugs are very small molecules compered to their targets that are enzymes. In order for drugs to take its effect it has to bind to the active site of the enzyme. We can think about this as an engine that has moving parts that moving, and a little drug get stuck in the gears of the engine and hence the entire engine stopped working. This is how drugs are working. In order to design drug pharmaceuticals must know much information about the active site of the enzyme; it will help them a lot if they have a very high-resolution structure so they can know the active site of the enzyme. There are important enzymes whose structure is strange such as catalase which shown in figure (1.9) and it will be easier to design drugs if the structure of the active site is known (Kalyaanamoorthy and Chen, 2011). Over many decades, specialists used the high technological abilities to displace the hard obstructions that they faced along the path of drug discovery. This allowed them to improve the methods of drug design (Kalyaanamoorthy and Chen, 2011). There were many computational approaches that used at different stages of drug design process. These computational approaches were successful in decreasing the number of ligands (â€Å"a molecule such as drug that binds to receptor† (Dictionary.com, 2014).) In addition, in form the computational approaches helped in reducing the period and costs of drug discovery. The computational approach that we will discuss about is the structure-based drug design (SBDD). It is a method that depends on 3-D structures of biological targets. SBDD has two phases; hit identification and lead identification. The first phase is about exhibiting powerfulness against the target by the recognition of chemical compounds called â€Å"hits†. â€Å"Whereas, the latter engages evaluation of the screened hits to identify the promising lead molecules before proceeding toward a large-scale lead optimization†(Kalyaanamoorthy and Chen, 2011). On of the most successful examples of the history of SBDD is the development of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) proteinase inhibitor (Meyer and Swanson et al., n.p.). 3.1 Target Identification Identifying the right target is only the first stage of a long process. Scientists need to find a protein or gene that is associated with the disease (Kalyaanamoorthy and Chen, 2011). Proteins come from genes, and it is easier to study genes than to study proteins. One approach to find a new drug target, involves comparing the genes of healthy individuals with those of people with the disease. The differences between two genetics maps can help to generate hypotheses in which proteins or lack of thereof cause the disease. It is also possible to do the opposite, by changing one gene at a time in cells or simple organisms, and then observing the resulting effects that will happen, so it called the phenotype of the mutation. If the phenotype has some similarity with the disease’s states, it can give ideas about the possible relation between the mutated gene and the disease. The third approach of target identification is to start already with a bioactive substance such as a natural medicine used in traditional medicine, a compound from basic research or known drugs with unexpected effects (Kalyaanamoorthy and Chen, 2011). When targets are identified they, another process occurs which called drug validation. Drug validation is on of the most important steps in SBDD; many drugs that failed were because it was not checked by â€Å"drug validation process† (Hughes and Rees et al., 2011). When the target and the active site have been identified then the hit discovery process starts. One of the successful validation tools is the transgenic animal (animals that carry foreign genes) as they allow observing the phenotypic endpoints (Hughes and Rees et al., 2011). 3.2 Hit Identification When the targets are discovered and being checked for target validation, the next step is hit identification. Hit identification is about getting a small molecule that has some of the initial properties that pharmaceuticals want in their final drugs. It is very early in the process of a drug discovery. The â€Å"hit† is defined as a molecule that binds to the target. There are some ways that used to determine identify the hit. One way is to start with a natural substrate and to make it drug-like. The second way is to design a De novo hit by SBDD. This way works if pharmaceuticals are familiar with the binding site as well as the protein structure. High throughput screening (HTS) is a process that aims to find inhibitors for the targets by using rapid assays. With HTS there is no need to be familiar with the nature of chemotype likely to have activity at the target protein (Hughes and Rees et al., 2011). HTS is considered as one of the main processes for hit identification (Hug hes and Rees et al., 2011). The disadvantage of HTS is that it requires a lot of materials and time to do a huge combinatorial space (high cost) (Hughes and Rees et al., 2011). When starting with HTS pharmaceuticals need to screen a lot of molecules to find a drug. HTS screens more than hundred thousand to million compounds or even more than a million compounds (Hughes and Rees et al., 2011). Most of the molecules will not be active against the â€Å"biology†, while a large number of molecules will be active against the â€Å"biology† and the process keeps going until there is only one molecule that is active against the â€Å"biology† 3.3 Hit to Lead Phase â€Å"Hit to lead† phase is an elevated level of SBDD phases. It helps pharmaceuticals to get closer to a drug that is safe and efficacious in people because it helps to identify compounds with improved potency (Hughes and Rees et al., 2011). â€Å"A lead compound is a compound that demonstrate a desired a biological activity on a validated molecular target† (Pharmacelsus GmbH, 2013). The key thing about the hit to lead phase is to identify compounds that is not only binds to the protein, but they in fact work inside a cell, and they show the selectivity in a cell (Hughes and Rees et al., 2011). The key aspect of hit to lead stage is a repeated process in which it not only shows that the compound works in a biochemical assay, but it also demonstrate that it works effectively and selectively in a cell-based assay (Hughes and Rees et al., 2011). Therefore, it can go through the cell membrane, reach the target inside the cell, and engage that protein in a cell-based assay. In starting the hit to lead phase, the compounds start off with potencies that are weaker than pharmaceuticals would like. What pharmaceuticals looking for is compounds that will make the medicinal chemistry that will improve the potency of the hit compound at least a factor of ten, and ideally a factor of twenty in the biochemical assay (Kalyaanamoorthy and Chen, 2011). Also, pharmaceuticals look for things to start off with from the hit stage that have weak cellular potency, but with medicinal chemistry that correlates with the biochemical potency mentioned above (Kalyaanamoorthy and Chen, 2011). Furthermore, it drives the cellular potency to be more potent in the cell. This is all toward the goal that pharmaceuticals want to get potent compounds that are cell active. Also, there are several other important properties such that, if Pharmaceuticals do not want the compound to bond to other off-target that may cause toxicity then they prefer compound to have potency that at least ten-fold weaker to the closest related target. We will not discuss in detail. Knowing the active site is a very important thing in drug designing, there are several ways that used to determine the active site for unknown drugs active sites. 4. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) The quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) is considered as one of the earliest approaches to drug design. This approach is all about finding a relationship between how active the compound is as a drug and the physical activities of the compound. The fundamental principle of QSAR is that the change in structural properties of the compound can lead to a change in the biological activities of the compound. QSAR allowed us to determine where approximately the drug settles in the human body. This is determined by a physical property that used which called the distribution coefficients between octanol and water (is the ratio between the concentration of a compound in the mixture). â€Å"QSAR depends on bulk properties of the potential drug molecules† (Moore, 2002). A new method is emerged, it is called 3D-QSAR, 3D-QSAR is considered to be an effective tool in the design of pharmaceuticals drugs that helps to connect the activity of a molecule with the properties that d epends on a special part of the molecular structure. We superimpose by a computer a set of molecules that we know their activities. By this method, the set of molecules with similar groups will be in the same place. Furthermore, a small box is drowned that divided into lattice of n points along each side and 200pm apart from each other (Moore, 2002). The box contains all the molecules. A box containing one molecule is shown in figure 2.0 5.1 QM/MM studies of pharmaceutically relevant targets In this section we will discuss about an experiment that Alessio and Marco (2012) did to show that QM/MM could predict the binding orientation of a reference inhibitor. The experiment is all about the interaction of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and carbamic acid aryl ester inhibitors (URB524) (Lodola and De Vivo, 2012, pp. 337-362). â€Å"In general, SBDD depends on the accuracy of ligand docking, and the ability to identify binding modes† (Lodola and De Vivo, 2012, pp. 337-362). When FAHH is docked with URB524 inhibitors, there are two possible of this docking. Tools that applied in drug discovery were not able to distinguish between the two binding orientations. On the other hand, when QM/MM was used to model the inhibitor binding process, it made such a good success in revealing that (Lodola and De Vivo, 2012, pp. 337-362). QM/MM calculations showed that, the second orientation was energetically preferred. This QM/MM calculation’s suggested that the notably higher barrier in the first orientation led to an unstable product. (Lodola and De Vivo, 2012, pp. 337-362). By QM/MM we can gain a detailed understanding of the binding site interactions, and hence QM/MM can contribute practically to drugs design. On the other hand, although QM/MM gives a detailed understanding of the binding site interactions, QM/MM has not yet played an important role in drug designing. Due to the high computational abilities that QM/MM has, it looks like that QM/MM will be a main and an indispensable tool in drug design in the recent years.

Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay -- Essays Papers

Their Eyes Were Watching God An Analysis So many people in modern society have lost their voices. Laryngitis is not the cause of this sad situation-- they silence themselves, and have been doing so for decades. For many, not having a voice is acceptable socially and internally, because it frees them from the responsibility of having to maintain opinions. For Janie Crawford, it was not: she finds her voice among those lost within the pages of Zora Neale Hurston’s famed novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God. This dynamic character’s natural intelligence, talent for speaking, and uncommon insights made her the perfect candidate to develop into the outspoken, individual woman she has wanted to be all along. As the novel begins, Janie walks into her former hometown quietly and bravely. She is not the same woman who left; she is not afraid of judgment or envy. Full of â€Å"self-revelation†, she begins telling her tale to her best friend, Phoeby, by looking back at her former self with the kind of wistfulness everyone expresses when they remember a time of childlike naà ¯vetà ©. She tries to express her wonderment and innocence by describing a blossoming peach tree that she loved, and in doing so also reveals her blossoming sexuality. To deter Janie from any trouble she might find herself in, she was made to marry an older man named Logan Killicks at the age of 16. In her naà ¯vetà ©, she expected to feel love eventually for this man. Instead, however, his love for her fades and she beco...

Indian Market Diversity

Indian Market Diversity & Changing Consumer Behaviour The Indian consumer market is one of the most promising markets in the world, evolving faster than ever across all socioeconomic strata, regions and town classes. Post liberalisation Indians have seen a tremendous increase in incomes, multiple income households, exposure to international lifestyles and media, easier financial credit. In these fast changing times, it becomes imperative for companies reaching out to the Indian market, to catch the pulse of the Indian consumer, to gain a better understanding of the Indian consumer behaviour and to get key insights into issues like: †¢What does the Indian Consumer’s shopping basket consist of? †¢What is it that the Indian consumer is buying – Is it Apparel? Books? Music? Or Durables or Grocery? How is she paying for her purchases? †¢How much is she willing to travel to get one-stop shopping options? Is she discount driven enough to wait for promotions or markdowns? †¢How different is the Delhi consumer from the one in Kolkata or Chennai, and how different are they from those in Lucknow or Ludhiana? All these questions have taken a top priority not only to domestic marketers but also for companies like Wal-Mart and Carrefour that are planning to set up retail chains to tap the potential Indian consumer market. Marketing in India is gr owing through an indefinable phase. Various print, electronic and other media are influencing everyone right from â€Å"Karta† of the family to the kid, the consumer‘s making decision and the way in which the new generation Indian consumer behaves is undergoing change at a never before pace. In today's global marketing era, which stresses on customization and localisation, influencing the consumer’s decision has become more important in this changing environment. Many new upcoming trends have been noticed in the last decade. According to the data provided by (NCAER) latest Indian market demographics report 2002 in the period from 1998-99 to 1999-2000, the purchase of white goods rose by 103%, this growth was seen mostly in the Southern India, with North and Western parts of the country still lying untapped. In other words, the potential in the North and the West is truly large. With income levels rising- especially in the post-reforms period the number of upper-medium and high-income households rose from 4. 1 % of the total numbers of households in 1989-90 to 11. 9% in 1998-99. The pattern of consumption has also undergone a sea change. Similarly, the number of low-income households, that is households with an annual income of less than Rs. 35,000 per year, has fallen from 58. 2 % in 1992-93 to 39. 7 % in 1998-99. Income Levels : From NCEAR, LM – Lower Middle class, M – Middle Class, UM – Upper Middle Class and H – Higher Class. (All figure in %) Income Class92-9395-9698-99 Low=, Rs 35,00058. 248. 939. 7 LM=Up to Rs 70,00025. 430. 734. 5 M= up to Rs 1,05,00010. 411. 913. 9 UM = up to Rs 1,40,0003. 756. 2 H =. Rs 1,40,0002. 33. 55. 7 A traditional family in India is different from a western family, the decision making process for the purchasing of consumer durables is quite elaborate, as many members with their diverse view are involved in it. At the same time, the characteristics of Indian families are fast changing. Indian families are presently in a state of flux, shifting from being strictly hierarchical to more egalitarian in character. This is all because of a sea change in the structure of income distribution (as shown in the table) where: †¢High-income class is expanding very fast. Middle-income classes bulging in size especially in rural India. †¢During the post reform period the rate of growth in the upper income categories was much higher, compared to the corresponding decline in the size of the low-income class. The growth of the top most income class after 1995-96 has been of the order of about 19%. †¢A significant negative growth in the urban low-income class was observed in south and west India, followed by north India. The High class consumers are at the top end with the mindset: â€Å"I pay more to get more†, where the purchase is driven by the emotional surplus that the consumer experiences. The mid-level which thinks: â€Å"I get good value at a reasonable price†. More important, however, is the large block at the lower income level which says: â€Å"I pay less and I get less† and is totally satisfied with that. This is probably a segment that many marketers tend to overlook since they feel that there is no existing demand there. Nothing could be further from the truth. The problem was that earlier, there were no goods and services targeting this large chunk; but today companies are reaching out into this segment. There is a growing realisation today that it is easier to compete in the smaller towns because many of the big brands and their marketing managers and sales teams don’t make the effort to travel there. Hence, if one does go there, market share is easy to achieve because even though the overall pie is smaller, there is less competition. Rural –Urban divide: †¢The rural markets are growing. However the level of infrastructure development (including that of the services sector), performance of agriculture, and dependency on Monsoon will determine their further growth. Availability of electricity alone is a critical factor for durable ownership. In urban markets, aspiration is the key — it is all about brands, lifestyles and show-off value. This is followed by quality and finally price. Rural India is driven primarily by price, followed by aspiration and then quality. However, what is important to understand is that the Indian consumer, no matter where he or she is or what category he or she belongs to, still looks for a good bargain. That is a unique Indian characteristic. While they maybe driven by the same desires, there are still differences in the way people live in the non-metropolitan cities when compared with the metropolitan cities or ‘metros’ as they are usually called. A degree of homogeneity may exist in large cities, but there is a disconnect when compared with their counterparts in smaller towns — whether it is regarding their philosophy, their thoughts or their approach to life. Thus, marketers today also need to think about creating brands that address these differences in consumers’ lifestyles. The Indian consumer is also maturing fast and is upgrading within product segments at a pace that consumer companies are struggling to keep up with. The mobile phone category is a classic example, where individuals across segments are constantly moving to the next price level as soon as they master the technology of their current phone. Companies therefore have to straddle the whole consumer pyramid rather than being focused on one part of it. These changes have also raised new challenges for old brands. There is a danger of them fading if they do not reinvent themselves to satisfy current needs. As a result, there is a whole new marketing opportunity and challenge for those brands that have to reinvent themselves and try to compete. The retail experience has also created a niche for new products and services. Gadgets like mobile phones are sold through kiranas (small family stores) and telephone booths since those are the outlets that have electricity. This is the total opposite of the mall culture seen in urban India and it is a need that consumer companies will need to address. Indian FMCG market in 1990's †¢During the 1990's the rural segment of the FMCG market has grown steadily at over 3% per annum. †¢Market size for products with lower penetration and consumption levels has grown at over 40% per annum during the later half of the 1990's. Significantly such products are at the higher side of the price line. †¢There are others such as washing materials, toiletries, toothpaste and tea where substitution effects are taking place. The role played by members of the family varies with demographics parameters as well as with the type of products. While a number of psychological variables are useful in obtaining into consumer's psyche, it is worthwhile to probe into some specific aspects of consumer decision making in order to formulate marketing strategies. In case of a family, the influencer does not usually have expertise but assume their respective roles on the basis of the family dynamics. Once the decision to buy a particular consumer durable product is made and announced. Family members provide what information is available to them about the product, and even assign members to gather information. For collecting additional data, the influencers use any of the four basis sources of information, via, personal, commercial, public and experiential. The degree of acceptance of the information and the preference of the influencers may, however, vary. The entire family members will act as an influencer. The moderator (Whom the influencers confine) may be instructed to collect the desired information. By the early nineties FMCG marketers had figured out two things: †¢Rural markets are vital for survival since the urban markets were getting saturated. Rural markets are extremely price-sensitive. Thus, a number of companies followed the strategy of launching a wide range of package sizes and prices to suit the purchasing preferences of India's varied consumer segments. Hindustan Lever, a subsidiary of Unilever, coined the term nano-marketing in the early nineties, when it introduced its products in small sachets. Small sachets were introduced in almost all the FMCG segments from oi l, shampoo, and detergents to beverages. Cola major, Coke, brought down the average price of its products from around twenty cents to ten cents, bridging the gap between soft drinks and other local options like tea, butter milk or lemon juice. It also doubled the number of outlets in rural areas from 80,000 during 2001 to 160,000 the next year, almost doubling its market penetration from 13 per cent to 25 per cent. This along with greater marketing, led to the rural market accounting for 80 per cent of new Coke drinkers and 30 per cent of its total volumes. Emergence of the new consumer Understanding the Indian consumer market means understanding its individual segments. Three major segments are emerging †¢Kids †¢The Youth (including the young working singles) †¢The Urban Indian Woman These segments have shown a tremendous increase in influencing and driving purchase decisions and hence are huge drivers of change in the consumer market. Purchases are being driven not by necessity, but to satisfy individual needs. A high-potential emerging market is also the vast rural hinterland, which has its own unique characteristics. Kids: Getting older younger There are 300 million children aged between 4–14 years in India — a vast market by any standards. The role that children play in purchase decisions has changed dramatically in the past 4–5 years. From pester power, kids have changed their role to becoming influencers, this is not only in product categories like confectionary and toys, but in larger long term use categories such as cars, electronics and even consumer durables like refrigerators and air conditioners, which were, traditionally, decisions taken by parents. Today the roles are reversed, with kids pointing out the pros and cons of purchase decisions to their parents. In fact, in the older age group, kids have actually become consultants, whom parents turn to for advice during the decision-making process. Another driver is their mastery of technology, which is a primary component of a high proportion of new products in the market. The relative ease with which they are able to grasp technicalities and understand product features and usability (or lack of) has made them experts in the eyes of their parents. Youth – Charting their own path: With the majority of India’s population below the age of 25 years, young consumer market is the primary target of every consumer goods company. The trend towards homogeneity is also apparent in terms of aspiration between segments and there is no difference in the mindset of the younger demographic. The aspirations of the youth are the same, driven primarily by the fact that they are all Internet savvy and this has given them equal access to information. Along with the love for brands and gadgets, they are equally comfortable with Indian values and Indian culture. Life is about visiting religious centres with their parents and then spending the evening with friends at the local club or a similar social venue. Indian youth are also very patriotic, not in the classical, pre-independence sense but in a modern sense which reflects their pride in being Indian in today’s world. As a segment, they are on the whole sensible, very clear about what they want to achieve in their lives and not easily carried away by hype and show. The outsourcing phenomenon in India ha has been the main driver of this consumer segment. A larger number of younger people now have cash in hand and this combined with increasing brand awareness has resulted in a lot of spending on leisure and personal gratification. This has also brought about a dramatic change in the concept of saving. The young generation lives for today, the concept of saving for a rainy day is alien to most of them — especially since the majority of them have not experienced shortages in their lives. This is also a segment constantly on the move — mentally and physically. The young do not want to be at home and are spending twice the amount of time outside the house than they would have done a couple of years ago. So, whether they are at a multiplex, a mall or a cyber cafe, hanging out with friends is a clear preference. The Urban Woman: Defining her own space In India, it has been a long accepted fact that it is the women in a family who define the environment at home. In the urban cities and even in small towns, they have been the ‘silent influencers’ for some time now, directing family purchases and expenditures. It is only recently, however, that the urban woman has come into her own, and today there is no looking back from her newly gained independence. In the past five years, there has been a large increase in the product categories specifically targeted towards the urban woman. Be it mobile phones, computers, apparel, jewellery or even financial products, women in the cities are finding themselves spoilt for choice. One prominent manifestation of this segment is seen in the daily soap operas on Indian television. While the characters may seem regressive at first glance, increasing viewership has proved that they have struck a chord — whether the woman is a homemaker or a professional. Today women go out with each other, a trend that was not seen previously. They are also much more into indulgence and satisfying their emotional self. † So, whether it is spending time at clubs with friends, pampering herself at the salon, experimenting with cosmetic surgery or enrolling at the fitness centre, the need to look good has now become a priority. It is no longer only about getting married and having kids. Implications for marketers: †¢Commoditisation of brands: Routine items and white goods will be bought on price, accessibility and not for brand values. †¢Novelty will not be a reason for trial: The new generation consumer will try to simplify complexity by dropping into routine behaviours. †¢Brand will be for pleasure: Brand will have to redefine role, where consumers are physically more satisfied and psychologically more confidant. †¢Evaluation parameter of brand will change: When consumers are going to continuously ask about the long-term safety/ effects of using

Tennessee University Offers Online MBA program Essays

Tennessee University Offers Online MBA program Essays Tennessee University Offers Online MBA program Essay Tennessee University Offers Online MBA program Essay Essay Topic: Toefl Tennessee University in Chattanooga, a public university, has online MBA programs and the deadline for applying is progressing. Tennessee University records all of the online classes and archives them for further use. The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business represents the gold standards of accreditation for business schools and the online MBA program at Tennessee University is accredited by it. The online business graduate program at Tennessee University was founded in the academic year 2013-2014. The registration deadline is progressing so if you think on applying for this program, you should do that as soon as possible. The application deadline is the same for in-state US residents and out-of-state international students. The director of admissions is Bonny Clark and the telephone number for more information on admissions is 423 425 4667. Tennessee University awards MBAs and the degree can be earned online. The recommended Internet speed for this online MBA program is Cable Internet speed. There is an instructor who will respond to any calls and he/she is available 24 hours. The part-time tuition for this online business graduate program at Tennessee University for in-state US residents is $700 and the part-time tuition for out-of-state international students is $744. As mentioned above, the deadline for applying for this online program is in progress and the notifications for admission start arriving from November 1st. It is possible for the university to deny the application of some applicants that are qualified for the program. It is important to note that the university accepts admissions from people who live abroad. Also, the program is not an SOC member and it does not offer DANTES courses. For applying, an application essay is required and the tests that are required are GMAT or GRE. Applicants must have 2 letters of recommendation and 2 letters of recommendation coming from their professional contacts. Also, the applicant must have work experience in the business area and an undergraduate degree from a business-related field. Undergraduate coursework is not required. Besides GRE and GMAT, international students have to take a TOEFL test as well and the minimum score they need for the paper-based test is 550 and for the Internet-based test the score they need is 79. The academic factors that are considered in the application process are the undergraduate institution the student comes from, the class rank and the undergraduate field of study the student has chosen. The undergraduate GPA, the test scores and the recommendation letters are very important and represent a deciding factor. From the non-academic factors, the most important are the application essay, the previous work experience the student has and the interest the applicant shows for this program. The interview is also a factor that is considered as well as the personal characteristics the applicant owns. Being a student of the generation is not a deciding factor for getting admitted for the program. Director of admissions at Tennessee University is Bonny Clark. The contact telephone for getting information about admissions and the application process is 423 425 4667.

My friends wedding essays

My friend's wedding essays Name: Mohamed Mohamed ID: 14094 Sections: 11 My friends wedding was the worst wedding ceremony that I had ever attended. Though it was about to be a magnificent party, an accident happened that turned the party into a miserable battle. My friend Nahid was harsh, tough, and relentless that everyone afraid from her as well as avoid fractioning with her. Once, she surprised us by declaring her engagement from her neighbor Yousif, and both of them intended to marry in summer. Yousif was a bald, diligent engineer who was struggling to convince her grandfather about marrying her. I was waiting for the summer holiday to pack my bags and to travel to my country where in order to attend the prospective wedding. When I arrived, everyone from the neighborhood volunteered to assist in the ceremony preparations since it was decided to hold the party on the neighborhood playground where was adjacent to her grandfathers house. On the prospective day, everything was perfectly prepared; the balloons, the embellishment lights, and the bride cake. Even the musical instruments, the dining chairs, and the tables were set. For emergency, we brought two policemen to organize the crowd. Guests started arriving the wedding, also, my friends and I wore our new tuxedos, we stood at the entrance, as well as we attempted to ban all the parasites, however, we failed to distinguish the invited people from those parasites. The guests crowded the place in which we realized how small the place was. Finally, the wedding car appeared, and after a while, both the bridegroom and the bride were walking slowly among the ceremony aisle. And Anxiety signs appeared on the brides face due to the huge crowd; hoping that went as planned. After both the bride and the bride groom sat on their armchairs, the singer began crooning, and the melodies attracted all young boys and girls to dance ...

Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Risk Management - Essay Example 1. Strategic CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) is significant in forming economic sustainability for all companies. 2. Applying the impact of CSR and MO (Marketing Orientation) in commercial and noncommercial settings. 3. The successful incorporation of the irrelevant facilitating impact of CSR on the association between MO and company performance. 4. The results of content analyses of 242 Malaysian publicly traded firms for financial years 2006, 2007, and 2008. 5. The evidence is dedicated and region limited, thereby making it debatable in companies in foreign economies and markets. 6. Companies in a setting defined by focused ownership arrangements where the firms might be less market-oriented also find CSR substantial. 7. The evidence does support the deductions made. 8. No clear assumptions are made in the passage. Cosset, J & Suret, J 1995, ‘Political risk and the benefits of international portfolio diversification,’ Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 301.

Calculus Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Calculus - Coursework Example Their professional backgrounds played a very important role in the way they perceived Calculus and its application. Since Newton was a physicist, his thinking was influenced by physical matter and that is why he applied Calculus to try and explain physical phenomena. Since Leibniz was a Mathematician, Calculus to him was more of a statistical endeavor that required deep analysis. However, both contributed greatly to the discovery and application of Calculus. Newton was responsible for developing the inverse relationship between the integral (area beneath a curve) and the derivative (slope of a curve). Leibniz’s work led him to discover the notations used for taking the integral and the derivative. When both of their work was combined, it led to the formation of Calculus. This view was not always held and there was a dispute as to who, between the two men, actually discovered Calculus. Newton claimed that he had in 1666, at the age of 23, invented Calculus, when he had begun working on a technique known as fluents and fluxions. As for Gottfried, in 1675, due to his fascination with the tangent line, he began conducting research on Calculus. Even though Newton had discovered the principles of Calculus earlier on, he did not publish his findings, unlike Leibnitz who published his in 1684. Therefore, as a matter of public record, some deemed Leibnitz as the person who discovered the principles first. Consequently, this led to the Newton-Leibnitz controversy that continued to rage on centuries later. Newton’s Publication of Principia, in 1687, has also been a source of controversy since it is not entirely known whether he included his workings on Calculus. However, in a 1693 publication, he published part of his work on fluxion notation, but he fully published his work in 1704 (Jahnke 78). Newton seems to have been the one with the earliest breakthrough, but on his own, his work was incomplete. The adoption of Leibnitz notation is very